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Andrea Mantegna
(1431-1506) - La Camera degli
Sposi (1467?-1474)
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Architecture,
light and perspective
It is sufficient to pause (the time
of the visit is limited) in the
Camera
degli Sposi (the Wedding
Chamber), the name given somewhat later to the
Camera
picta in the Ducal Palace in Mantua, in order to undergo a not at
all “bitter and difficult” ocular experience. One should begin with
the famous false
opening
of the sky on the ceiling, a prototype of all
trompe-l’oeil.
This undoubtedly represents a daring exercise in style and presents an
exasperated and “difficult to see” sense of the vertical, but serves
a purpose that is completely different from the simply decorative or,
for the artist, an exhibition of talent. His action is multiple: it
completes the pretence of a space in the dome – on a ceiling with its
moderately sized vaults, slightly more than flat – and moves towards a
higher space. Another function of the
trompe-l’oeil
is to build a powerful vertical axis that marks the position in which
the observer should stand in order to enjoy the perfect fruition of
pictorial geometry, perspective, applied to the widening of a closed
space.
The physical space of the
Camera
picta, destined to be not only the Duke’s bedroom but also his
study, is effectively less than imposing and princely. It is practically
a low cube, about eight metres square (8,05 X 8,079) with a vault that
reaches a maximum height of less than seven metres (6,93) at its peak
and with two windows, therefore receiving little studied light,
“guided
and nearly parellel-incident”
(Giovanni Paccagnini, The Ducal Palace in Mantua, ERI 1969, page 70) to
emphasise the two decorated walls, leaving the others in gloom. There
are no paintings on these last two walls, only the pretence of heavy,
closed
curtains
and the coat of
arms
of the Gonzaga family above the door.
Everything is badly in need of repair.
The architect who carried out the
extensive restoration of the hall was the Florentine Luca Fancelli, who
was commissioned to transform the military aspect of the castle of San
Giorgio (a solid fortress strategically positioned on the river Mincio,
built by Bartolino da Novara and completed in 1406) into a sumptuous
dwelling for Ludovico Gonzaga. Fancelli, who worked for the Gonzagas
from 1450 to 1484, had already worked amicably with Mantegna on the
castle chapel, often being dominated by the painter’s personality (Paccagnini,
op.cit., pag. 50, 68), And it is certain that in the
Camera
picta his indications were followed despite problems of static.
Placing the windows at the end of the walls, a space
that
was
eccentric
in regard to the others in the towers is not casual; from the
outside
this change is evident. There are few frescoes where the artist could avoid adapting to a
pre-existent situation and to place the inclination of the light
destined to fall on the work of art. This makes the
Camera
degli Sposi a place of privileged experience which no description or
reproduction can explain. Thanks to the position of the windows, the
undecorated walls, that are enclosed in false curtains, seem to provoke
an effect of shadows which is, in effect, due to a play of natural
light. On the contrary, the pictorial composition emits an illusion of
its own light with the substantial difference of luminosity between the
northern
wall (those of the “Court”) and the one on
the
west side (with the so-called “meeting”) that has as its background an open
panorama and a wide glimpse of sky. The west wall, unlike the one to the
north, benefits from a window placed almost in front, and it’s visible
in a counter-light, softened by the grazing light from the opening to
the east.
In this room it is possible to see
the use of mathematical - geometric knowledge with regard to perspective
which Mantegna exploited with ease but without the “dry manner” of
which Vasari speaks – the exploit of the oculus apart – there
remains the more “popular” sign of the Chamber, perhaps a little
ignored by the critics. Let us try to return to it later. In his popular
History of Art, Gombrich
observes with regard to the frescoes of the
Storie
di San Giacomo, destroyed during a bombing raid, that Mantegna did
not use the art of perspective in the same way as Paolo Uccello, who
used the new effects to “show off”, but to give a solidity and
physical appearance to the characters painted. And to create an
architectonic illusion: in the Wedding
Chamber the few elements that stand out are the door posts, the
fireplace and a small walled cupboard as well as corbels that falsely
support the triple lunettes that join the vault of the ceiling to the
walls. The rest is painted architecture and this helps us to read the
name Camera picta (or even camera
magna picta) no longer a simple “room decorated by paintings”
but constructed with images and geometry and, in this way, rendered
“magna”. i. e. magnificent. The crowd of the court and family on one
side, the characters in plein-air
and the panorama on the other and finally
the
vaults that stretch up to the sky creating a truly convincing illusion of being
at the centre of a space whose boundaries are those dictated by one’s
own visual capacity.
Some details can help us to
understand the geometrical and perspective techniques used by Mantegna.
The
mighty horse
to the left of the Meeting for example is slanted with lines of escape
that do not allow it to enter the scene, towards the observer, but make
it appear in the “background” outside the wall on which it is
painted. Paccagnini (op. cit.,
page 69) talks of visual pyramids formed by the composition and the
vaults, with convergent vertices to indicate the visual point desired by
the artist; in
the
oculus,
formed by a series of concentric circles that diminish in size, a cone
that resembles an inside-out telescope can be found, due to the effect
of quick withdrawal that it produces. The materially adjacent objects
are used to accentuate the illusion:
the
frame around the fireplace
supports the carpet (that,
at the end of the shelf, forms a hanging pleat) serves as a surface for
the false staircase on which some of the characters stand. The shelf
continues along the wall until it supports a character with his back
leaning against a column.
Another
cornice,
that of the door on the west side, supports the winged putti, busy –
not all of them – holding the bronze scroll (obviously false) with the
dedication. The monochrome medallions of the Roman Emperors on the parts
on the ceiling, are used in a contrary way. With their false and
perfectly deceptive high-relief they “enter” the Chamber to create
the illusion of a vault that is sufficiently high to contain the
marble
busts such as those that the visitor will already have seen as he approached
the chamber. Even the relief of the festoons in the lunettes acts as an
upside-down pyramid. In this case it contributes to the separation from
the vaults or better still from the ceiling.
Characters,
vicissitudes and dogs
One of the more significant
curiosities, after having resolved a certain sense of bewilderment felt
when entering the Camera picta,
is that which concerns the characters depicted. Who are they? In which
moment were they painted? (and, a question that is perhaps puerile but
which encompasses Mantegna’s ability, how can they all stay on such a
small wall? But this would compel us to talk of perspective and
mathematical formulas.) |
Text by
Foto B. Balestrini
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Architettura,
luce e prospettiva
Vasari
inserisce Andrea Mantegna nella schiera di quanti, da Piero della
Francesca a Luca Signorelli, avevano introdotto “per lo soverchio
studio... una certa maniera secca e cruda e tagliente”: “per
sforzarsi cercavano fare l’impossibile dell’arte con le fatiche e
massime ne gli scorti e nelle vedute spiacevoli che, sì come erano a
loro dure a condurle, così erano aspre e difficili a gli occhi di chi
le guardava.” Gli scorti
(scorci) sono le vedute prospettiche, con marcato riferimento, in
Vasari, a quelle dal basso in alto. È
sufficiente sostare qualche minuto (il tempo concesso per la visita è
limitato) nella Camera degli Sposi, nome dato tardivamente alla
Camera
picta nel Palazzo Ducale di Mantova, per provare un’esperienza
affatto “aspra e difficile agli occhi”. Si può iniziare col fin
troppo celebre oculo, la finta apertura
sul cielo sovrastante, il prototipo di tutti i
trompe-l’oeil. Indubbiamente si tratta di un esercizio spericolato
di stile e presenta una verticalizzazione esasperata e alquanto
“difficile agli occhi”, ma svolge una funzione tutt’altro che
semplicemente decorativa o, per il pittore, di esibizione di bravura. La
sua azione è molteplice: completa la finzione di uno spazio a cupola -
su un soffitto a volta moderata, poco più che piatta - e sposta verso
l’infinito lo spazio in alto. Un’altra funzione del
trompe-l’oeil
è quella di costruire un potente asse verticale che segna la posizione
in cui dovrebbe collocarsi l’osservatore per una perfetta fruizione
della geometria pittorica, della prospettiva, applicata
all’ampliamento di uno spazio chiuso. Lo
spazio fisico della Camera picta, destinata a studiolo del duca e non
solo a sua camera da letto, è in effetti meno che grandioso o
principesco. È praticamente un cubo ribassato: pianta quadrata di circa
otto metri di lato (8,05x8,079, con una volta che raggiunge al centro
l’altezza massima di meno di sette metri (6,93); possiede solo due
finestre, quindi gode di luce scarsa ma studiata,
“guidata e
radente"
(Giovanni Paccagnini,
Il
Palazzo Ducale di Mantova, ERI 1969, pag. 70) per dare risalto alle
due pareti decorate e lasciare in penombra le altre. Su queste ultime
non vi sono immagini, ma solo L’autore
della profonda ristrutturazione della sala fu l’architetto fiorentino
Luca Fancelli, incaricato di trasformare l’ambiente militare del
castello di San Giorgio (una solida fortezza in posizione strategica sul
Mincio, opera di Bartolino da Novara e ultimata nel 1406) in sontuosa
dimora di Ludovico Gonzaga. Fancelli, al servizio dei Gonzaga dal 1450
al 1484, aveva già lavorato in buoni rapporti di collaborazione con
Mantegna, ad esempio nella Cappella del castello; spesso si era lasciato
dominare dalla personalità del pittore (Paccagnini,
op.
cit., pag. 50, 68), ed è certo che anche nella Camera picta abbia
seguito, problemi statici permettendo, le sue indicazioni. La
collocazione delle finestre alle estremità delle pareti, spazialmente
eccentrica rispetto a
tutte le altre dei torrioni, non è casuale; una vista dall’esterno
permette di vedere chiaramente lo spostamento effettuato.
Sono poche le opere d’affresco in cui il pittore abbia potuto evitare
di adattarsi alla situazione preesistente, e permettersi di curare
l’inclinazione della luce destinata a incidere sulla futura opera; già
questo fa della Camera degli Sposi un luogo di esperienza privilegiata,
che nessuna descrizione o riproduzione può surrogare. Grazie alla
posizione delle finestre le pareti non decorate e che sono chiuse da
finte tende sembrano provocare un effetto d’ombra che in realtà è
dovuto al gioco della luce naturale; all’inverso, la composizione
pittorica emana illusionisticamente una luce propria, con una
sostanziale differenza di luminosità tra la parete
settentrionale
(quella della “Corte”) e quella occidentale
(dove
appare il cosiddetto “Incontro”) che ha come sfondo un panorama
aperto e un ampio squarcio di cielo. La parete ovest beneficia infatti
di una finestra posta - quasi - di fronte, a differenza di quella a
nord, visibile in un controluce mitigato dall’illuminazione radente
dell’apertura a est.
Personaggi,
vicende - e cani |
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